Mines Madagascar in Andranondambo

The Mystery and Allure of Madagascar’s Sapphire Mines

In the heart of Madagascar lies a hidden treasure – the Andranondambo Sapphire mines. Madagascar, a gem-rich island positioned a mere 400 km off the East Africa coast, holds a captivating variety of gem corundum, resulting in a worldwide ‘gem rush’. Known for its exotic wildlife, this island also proves to be solid gold for gemstone enthusiasts with more than 50% of the world’s sapphire reserves.

Well-known for its fruitful sapphire samples and having twice the gem-producing area of Myanmar and Sri Lanka combined, its geographical location intensifies the gemstone rush, especially around Andranondambo and Antananarivo.

The coveted Madagascan sapphires, predominantly mined in these areas, continue to thrill gemologists and jewel connoisseurs globally, weaving an irresistible aura around the mines, further solidifying Madagascar’s significant role in the Sri Lanka dominated sapphire occurrence worldwide.

History of Madagascar’s Sapphire Hunt

Unfolding the past: Finding the first sapphire

In the year 1995, the story of Madagascar’s sapphire mines began in an entirely unexpected fashion. It was in the locality of Andranondambo that the initial discovery unfolded, which marked the first of several significant gemstone findings, such as in Ambondromifehy (1993), Ilakaka and Sakahara (1998), Vatomandry (2000), and Andilamena (2001).

Surprisingly, it wasn’t gemologists or miners who first stumbled upon these cherished stones.

Hidden in fissures and amongst the local scapolite and syenite rocks, a group of unsuspecting woodcutters in the Ankarana forest near Ambondromifehy discovered fistfuls of small blue stones, shimmering with an almost otherworldly allure. At first, they mistook these Andranondambo sapphires, nestled in the humble company of biotite and tourmaline, for mere pebbles.

These gems, however, turned out to be sapphires, and it wasn’t long before their true worth was realized, particularly those coming from key localities like Andilamena and Vatomandry.

A nationwide sapphire rush was sparked, and further findings in other regions such as Ambolo and Sakaraha soon transformed Madagascar into a major producer of commercial-grade sapphire.

Thanks to that fateful day, Madagascar is now synonymous with quality sapphires, enriching the intrigue of the global gemstone industry. It’s one of the stories you can find in this blog.

Evolution of the Sapphire Mining industry

From unexpected discoveries to an established industry, the sapphire mining scene in Madagascar has come a long way. This journey involves a significant era of the 1990s, often referred to as the “sapphire boom,” where initial “diggings” were managed by artisanal miners, frequently locals.

They used basic tools and skills in rich areas such as Betroka known for its gneiss stripes. Increasingly, both local and global stakeholders, like the Australian company Societe d’Investissement Australien a Madagascar (SIAM), have initiated more advanced “mining projects”.

This shift from artisanal mining to advanced large-scale mining (LSM) draws attention to the rapid evolution of the mining landscape.

The evolution, complex and marked by potential profitability, advanced machinery, and strategic “buying” of sapphires, has also met its fair share of roadblocks, such as market instability and socio-economic pressures.

Despite these setbacks, the industry’s resilience and allure of the vibrant sapphires found in their “gneiss” bed-rock, particularly the kinzigites variation, haven’t impeded further investment to explore the mineral-rich terrain of Western Madagascar.

From the initial phases to modern mechanized operations, marked by kinzigites and gneiss stripes, Madagascar’s mining industry has encountered layers of complexities, successes, and challenges. This remarkable evolution weaves a tale of resilience for the entire industry.

Geology of Andranondambo

Discovering the facts about the terrain

Have you ever wondered what makes Andranondambo the perfect spot for sapphires? The secret lies not just within the metamorphic rocks that make up the terrain underground, but specifically in the presence of corundum-rich rocks intermingled with traces of magnetite, contributing to the unique geology of the Proterozoic Tranomaro mineral belt.

The Andranondambo region is part of the Cap d’Ambre metavolcanosedimentary sequence synonymous with terrain brimming with mineral-rich soils, large crystallized quartzite stones, and a distinctive ensemble of volcanic and sedimentary rocks.

Such a geological order of terms and minerals laden with corundum and magnetite, forms the perfect conditions for sapphire formation through sedimentation and metamorphosis.

The landscape manifestation of this rugged, magnetite-rich terrain is typified by towering gneiss-striped hills and silhouetted valleys, their slopes veined with dense forests and coursing rivers.

The majority of sapphire deposits, magnetically attractive because of their magnetite constituents, are readily discoverable along these waterways, providing easy access for mining operations and geo-exploratory trailing.

Amid the challenging and often unpredictable conditions, the quest for these mesmerizing Andranondambo sapphires continues, a foray into the “Minéralogie de Madagascar” ignited by the irresistible allure of these blue gems, distributed from the south to as far north as Diego Suarez and Ankaratra.

To learn more about this fascinating subject, check this category.

Exploring the Sapphire-rich mines

Andranondambo’s mines are a world of their own, rich with stories of incredible finds, hardships, and adventures. Within the quiet landscape of the gemstone mining area, marked by a mosaic of pits nestled amidst hills and river valleys, you’ll uncover a labyrinthine network of subterranean tunnels beneath the terrain.

An intricate world, these are the treasures of southern Madagascar. Equipped with chisels, shovels, and baskets, miners meticulously search the earth’s heart, lusting after the wealth hidden beneath its crust—precious sapphires.

Amidst the sediment and river gravel, the lustrous glint of the coveted blue corundum or diopside, signals their rewarding victory.

Sapphires in Andranondambo vary not only in size but also in quality.

From the sought-after cornflower blue to a spectrum rich with additional hues like green and yellow, and the extremely sharp growth zoning and inclusion of exsolved matter indicative of Madagascar blue sapphire, these gems present a symphony of colour.

For the persevering miner, unearthing a master-quality sapphire or an inclusion-rich diopside from this unique mining area provides not just a thrilling treasure hunt, but an entire livelihood and significant contribution to Madagascar’s economy, and notably to places like Nosy Be where compelling purple sapphires have been discovered.

The allure of the Andranondambo mines extends far beyond the region, enticing gem enthusiasts worldwide.

For the uninitiated, it’s akin to joining the ranks of seasoned miners in the excitement of sapphire hunts and the discovery of quartz, the inclusion-rich diopsides, and wollastonite aside from sapphires. Here’s a glimpse of an artisan’s experience:

Socio-Economic Impact of Sapphire Mining

How the mining industry shapes the Madagascan economy

If you’ve ever wondered about the significance of sapphire mining to Madagascar’s economy, let’s break it down. First off, sapphires, specifically sapphire crystals and plagioclasites found in mining villages like Andranondambo, hold a unique place in the economic landscape of Madagascar.

These gems and minerals aren’t merely the country’s precious stones; they also generate a significant portion of the country’s foreign exchange earnings. Just imagine the magnitude of that contribution.

Madagascar’s rural population, notably residing in mining villages, depends heavily on these mines and their diversity, including plagioclasite extraction, for their livelihood.

The industry, predominantly in remote parts of the country, serves as a beacon of opportunities amidst limited job prospects in these areas. Isn’t that remarkable?

But it’s not just about money and jobs. The mining industry, including plagioclasite and sapphire mining, invigorates local communities.

It supports existing local businesses, from food stalls and equipment shops to transport services, all centered around the mines.

Such characteristics are reflected in numerous mining villages globally, from Kenya to Didy in Madagascar. Thus, creating a ripple effect of economic activity associated with each mining operation and triggering local economic growth.

When viewed from a statistical perspective, this industry, including the extraction of plagioclasites, has catalyzed economic growth and significantly curtailed poverty in several regions of the country.

However, as discussed in Part III of the Petrographie discussion, mining ushers a set of challenges for the local environment and its people.

While advantageous in its distinct ways, the sapphire and plagioclasite mining industry also complicates Madagascar’s economy.

Infographic illustrating the multi-dimensional impact of the sapphire (and plagioclasite extraction) mining on Madagascan economy:

In the rhythmic pulsation of its sapphire and plagioclasite mines, you begin to perceive the throbbing heartbeat of Madagascar’s economy.

Up next, we will delve into the impact of sapphire and plagioclasite mining on local communities, focusing on how it shapes their way of life in mining villages around the country…]

Living on the edge: Effects of mining on local communities

Living in the shadow of sapphire mines is a double-edged sword for local communities.

For instance, nestled in the southwest of Madagascar, near areas like Iankaroka where gem-quality polychrome sapphires have been mined since 1992, gem mining, including that of sapphire and garnet, provides not just a crucial source of income.It’s an enriching cultural touchpoint. Yet, it also presents a set of challenges that can’t be dismissed.

For starters, gem safari-like boom periods in mining, including the extraction of the rare cabochon polychrome sapphire, attract a surge of migrants looking for work. This sudden influx can strain local resources and infrastructure, leading to overcrowded towns and villages, such as Fort Dauphin.

Moreover, mineralogy-rich mining activities like skarn and others, lead to environmental changes affecting the community. The process often results in the creation of large pits and heaps of waste rock, which can compound soil erosion, water pollution, and changes in local landscapes.

When it comes to safety, miners, including the esteemed traders of polychrome sapphire, face various risks from arduous manual labor, to health issues caused by exposure to dust, and lack of sanitation facilities, akin to the conditions at Soamiakatra.

Despite these challenges, the resilient communities continue to engage in mining. They are driven by the allure of sapphire-derived wealth, particularly the highly-coveted polychrome sapphire, and the heritage that comes with this trade. They live on the edge, adapting and innovating, making the best of the opportunities at hand, while riding out the waves of adversity.

The case study of a local community affected by mining truly depicts this reality. Community life around the Andranondambo and the mines containing granulites — much like those producing large quantities of cabochon ruby and polychrome sapphire — is thus a mixed bag of fortunes.

[Flipside: we will follow the journey of a sapphire from mine to market, with special attention to the remarkable cabochon polychrome sapphire..]

Journey of Andranondambo Sapphires to Global Market

Marking the route: How sapphires travel from pit to market

So you’ve wondered how a sapphire goes from being just a sparkle in the dirt to a dazzling gem resting in a jewelry store? Unearth the enigmatic journey of these precious stones, with a special focus on Madagascar rubies and emeralds, which follow similar trade routes.

Once discovered in pit or artisanal small-scale emerald mining operations, popular in areas like Morogoro, the complex dance between the miner, locally called ‘mpihady’ or ‘mpiasa’, and potential buyers unfolds.

These miners extract the precious stones from amongst hard limestone and granite slabs, or even from emerald deposits, passing the rough gems on to local Thai or Tanzanian buyers in cloak-and-dagger transactions.

Next, these precious stones are accumulated in large quantities and taken to the major gem trading cities, with Madagascar’s ruby and emerald hub, Antsirabe, or Ilakaka being frequent stopovers. This marks the point of the journey when larger gem traders and exporters join the fray.

Post negotiation and trade, these raw sapphires and emeralds start their sojourn overseas. The majority set their sights on Bangkok or Chantaburi, known as the global nerve centers of the gem cut and polish trade, whereas, some Madagascar rubies and emeralds often settle in marble-rich Colombo—another powerhouse in the gem market.

In these cities, the transformation of the sapphires and emeralds begins. Set against the backdrop of deep ruby hues or vibrant emerald green, they gleam post-cutting and polishing; they stand ready for their final curtain call—jewelry stores across the globe, from the bustling streets of New York to the shimmering skylines of Hong Kong.

A journey that traces its path from pits to market, etched deep within the crags of limestone and marble, is laden with numerous twists and turns. Yet exquisitely, some of these once-unnoticed gems, like Madagascar rubies and emeralds, evolve to become the shining stars of the jewelry world.

Marking the route: How sapphires and emeralds travel from pit to market

Ever wondered how a sapphire or an emerald goes from being just a glint in the dirt to a breathtaking gem resting in a jewelry store? Join us on the compelling journey of Madagascar’s ruby and emerald, both maintaining similar trade routes.

Once these precious stones are uncovered in artisanal small-scale emerald mining or pit operations, such as the ones prominent in Morogoro, an intricate dance between the miner (locally referred to as ‘mpihady’ or ‘mpiasa’) and potential buyers begins.

Emerald miners, who often work on deposits among hard limestone and granite, pass the raw gemstones to local Thai or Tanzanian buyers, lighting up the underground market.

Next, these stones, still in their rough form, are collected in large quantities and transported to the primary trading cities of Madagascar, with ruby and emerald hub Antsirabe, or Ilakaka becoming recurrent stops. At this stage, larger gem traders and exporters are introduced to the supply chain.

After negotiation and trade, these raw sapphires and emeralds explore the overseas market. They set the coordinates to global gem cut and polish trade capitals, Bangkok or Chantaburi, or find a second home in marble-rich Colombo—another key player in the gem market.

This expedition from pit to market, marked within the durable limestone and marble walls, is filled with multiple twists and turns. But, remarkably, some of these once unnoticed treasures, like Madagascar’s rubies and emeralds, evolve into H3: Marking the route: How sapphires and emeralds travel from pit to market

Ever wondered how a luminous sapphire or a radiant emerald goes from merely a glimmer in dirt to a stunning gem gracing a jewelry store? Let’s hop onto the captivating journey of Madagascar’s ruby, emerald, and sapphire, each sharing similar pathways from mine to market.

Once these gems are unearthed in artisanal small-scale emerald mining operations or pit mining, notably in the regions like Morogoro, a ballet of transactions unfolds between the miner, locally referred to as ‘mpihady’ or ‘mpiasa’, and potential buyers.

These gem miners, often work amidst hard limestone, granite, or emerald deposits, and pass the treasures along to local Thai or Tanzanian buyers in secretive deals.

Next, these stones are congregated in large quantities and transported to significant trading cities, with Antsirabe and Ilakaka, major hubs for Madagascar’s ruby, Like Mogok ruby and emerald trade, making for common pit stops. This is where larger gem traders and exporters come into play.

Following trade agreements, these rough-cut sapphires and emeralds begin their international voyage. A majority finds their way to Bangkok or Chantaburi, globally recognized hubs of the gem cut and polish trade, while Madagascar rubies and emeralds often find solace in the marble-rich Colombo—a significant participant in the gem trade.

This winding journey, from pit to market, carved within tough limestone and marble, is fraught with uncertainties. Yet it’s a miracle how some of these unnoticed gems, like Madagascar’s rubies and emeralds, take center stage in the dazzling

Decoding the pricing politics of the gemstone market

The price of a sapphire is a journey of discovery in itself, governed by multiple factors and a few dashes of mystery. To break it down, let’s include key components such as calcite and crystals which drive the pricing. Top-quality sapphires composed of flawless calcite and well-formed crystals tend to fetch sky-high prices, while those of lesser quality, often sold in bulk, fetch lower prices. Like, Jasper, Agate, Amethyst, Carnelian and so forth.

Then comes the key player – the middlemen, or brokers, who operate across mining regions such as Chanthaburi and Ejeda. They play a significant role in setting the prices at each point of transfer, marking up the cost as the sapphire moves up the supply chain.

Next, there’s the cutting and processing cost, a significant aspect of the sapphire industry. How well a sapphire is cut and polished, be it a dauphine cut or otherwise, can greatly enhance its value – a well-faceted gem fetches higher prices than a roughly cut one.

Lastly, global demand for sapphires, including synthetics and unique sapphire types like those from the sapphire type deposit in Madagascar, influences pricing. Market dynamics in major jewelry economies like the USA, China, and India often dictate the prices of sapphires at the source, ultimately affecting tourmaline mining and corundum deposits.

Decoding this price politics of the gemstone market helps us understand the true worth of these extraordinary blue gems, including lesser-known gemstones like anorthites. The journey of a gem from a mine to a market, whether it originates in bustling Chanthaburi, the corundum deposits of Madagascar, or the sapphire-rich region of Ejeda, is essentially a tale of patience, scrutiny, skill, and ultimately the realization of beauty.

Mitigating Challenges and Envisioning Future Prospects

Navigating the roadblocks in Madagascar’s Sapphire trading

Like a thrilling treasure hunt, Madagascar’s sapphire trade has its fair share of roadblocks, and overcoming them is no simple task.

One big culprit is illegal mining. It not only poses environmental issues but also causes a loss of government revenue. Moreover, illegal trades often lead to violence or threats, spoiling the peaceful rhythm of the local communities.

Then comes the issue of limited access to the global market. The small-scale miners lack resources to directly connect with international buyers, pushing them to settle for low profits while middlemen make the lion’s share.

Additionally, the lack of basic infrastructure like electricity, road networks, and even safety measures in mining sites compound the operational challenges.

While the government has taken steps to tackle these issues, like implementing systems to track the origin of gemstones, much work still remains. Meaningful reforms in policies, stricter enforcement of regulations, and encouragement of responsible mining practices could pave the way forward.

Steering through these roadblocks could open an era of sustainable and profitable sapphire mining industry in Madagascar.

Forecasting the future of Sapphire mining in Madagascar

Peeping into the crystal ball to predict the future of Madagascar’s sapphire industry, a couple of things become clear. One, while fluctuations in the market are inevitable, the allure of Madagascan sapphires, being some of the world-class gem corundums, isn’t fading anytime soon.

The demand for ethically sourced, high-quality sapphires is on the rise, and with its rich reserves akin to the sapphire occurrence similar to Tunduru’s, Madagascar stands to benefit immensely.

Two, the focus on sustainable mining, very much in the spotlight of the global ruby rush, will keep intensifying. Addressing the environmental and social impacts of mining is far from optional but has become rather essential.

That signifies an influx of more regulations and standards aimed at promoting responsible mining.

Three, technology could be a revolutionary game-changer, just like the research on corundum-rich rocks and components like sapphires, spinel, plagioclase, sillimanite, and cordierite has been.

Development of foolproof methods to trace the origin of sapphires, adoption of greener mining technologies, or even the inception of online platforms for direct trade could transform the industry from the traditional to the tech-laden.

But for all this to transpire, it’s important to strike a balance between economic gain and environmental preservation, between local livelihoods and global markets.

It makes one reminiscent of the equilibrium in bimetasomatism, where the diffusion of components like Ca and Mg from the host rock to the pegmatitic melt mirrors this balance.

So let’s keep our fingers crossed, hoping that the beautiful tale of Madagascar’s sapphires, echoed in the stories of Kashmir and Flacourt, becomes a beacon of sustainability and prosperity, for both the people and the planet.

Kind regards,

Edwin van Vliet